A quantitative analysis of geographic color variation in two Geotrupes dung beetles.

We conducted a quantitative analysis of geographic color variation in two species of dung beetles: Geotrupes auratus and G. laevistriatus. The reflectance of the dorsal surfaces was measured from 300 to 700 nm using a spectrophotometer. The reflectance curves for both beetles were bimodal; there were two distinct peaks, namely, the a peak, between 400 and 700 nm, and the beta peak at around 300 nm. A stepwise discriminant analysis indicated that geographic color variation in Geotrupes beetles was primarily characterized by a shift of the a peak. Using beetles from three locations, we compared the wavelength (nm) of the a peak (lambdamax(alpha)) and its reflectance intensity (R(a)) to investigate sex and population differences. Intraspecific geographic variation in coloration was effectively detected by discriminant analysis of spectral reflectance curves. Our results showed that G. auratus and G. laevistriatus had similar coloration within each sampling location. Our study also revealed hidden sex differences in R(a); R(a) of males were significantly higher than those of females in both species. Since the dorsal surface of the beetles shows remarkable color variation, and coloration can be assessed objectively using reflectance spectra, Geotrupes beetles may be good model organisms to investigate geographic color variation.